The Governments Influence on Training and Development Case Study

The Governments Influence on Training and Development - Case Study Example Smithers (1993) and Green (1995) have laid out comparative investigates dependent on worldwide correlations and, all the more as of late, Prais (1995) has highlighted the deficiency of changes in the National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) framework contending that outside testing of the individual possibility to guarantee dependability and attractiveness of the capability, expansiveness of professional field to advance adaptability, composed parts of assessments to energize authority of general standards - are for the most part now less satisfactory in Britain following NCVQ changes than they used to be, and are a long way from acknowledged Continental techniques. (pp. 105-106). In spite of the fact that the NCVQ is currently ancient - having been subsumed under the new all-encompassing Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (QCA) in October 1997 (Department for Education and Employment, 1997)- - its plan built up through the advancement of NVQs is still especially alive and keeps on impacting strategy and practice. For sure, when our VET and capabilities framework is experiencing radical basic change following various basic reports, NVQs are, unfathomably enough, being sent out somewhere else (Educa, 1997a; Carvel, 1997). Similarly as we imported from the USA capability based instruction and preparing (CBET) as a model for NVQs (Hyland, 1994a, b) during the 1980s and the possibility of private industry committees as a diagram for Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs) during the 1990s (Evans, 1992) when they were coming up short and being relinquished in their nation of starting point, so Britain is right now attempting to sell a fizzled and defamed NVQ f ramework to clueless abroad nations. It is significant that such exercises are tested and reprimanded both in light of a legitimate concern for proficient morals in VET practice and, maybe more essentially, as per the soul of the United Nations mission for agreement in universal relations. At a universal meeting held in London in November 1997, the British Council- - through its office British Training International and with Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) endorsement - was straightforwardly and unashamedly trying to offer the NVQ framework to nations from everywhere throughout the world. Talking on the side of this undertaking, the Education and Employment Secretary, David Blunkett, alluded to NVQs as 'one of Britain's tricks of the trade (Carvel, 1997, p. 13). This was a somewhat deplorable and unexpected selection of words by Mr Blunkett since the genuine position is that the 'trick of the trade' about NVQs- - at any rate until generally as of late - has been the way that they have fizzled, exhaustively and tremendously, to accomplish any of the destinations set for them. As a method of testing the possibility of NVQ sends out, it merits featuring a portion of the primary shortcomings and deficiencies of the system.â Â

Obligations of a Licensee for Business Law- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about theRights and Obligations of a Licenseefor Business Law. Answer: As a licensee one has legitimate commitments towards people that visit his premises as supporters, on that he has lawful commitments towards his staff and the general condition. A portion of those commitments incorporate; Under theWork Health and Safety Act 2011, he is committed to guarantee a protected situation for benefactors, staff and the regions encompassing the authorized premises. Furthermore, every licensee has an obligation to give drinking water to supporters inside his premises. This is made required by the Liquor Regulation 2002, where cold drinking water should be made accessible at a sensible expense to supporters (Brenda and Peter, 2015). Another commitment for the licensee will be to guarantee that tables and environmental factors inside the premises are freed from void glasses and containers. The staff should tidy up what isn't being used. This forestalls circumstances where the focal point could be used as a weapon on the off chance that a fight emerged. The licensee has an obligation to guarantee the security and delight in the supporters present in his premises; he at that point has a duty to deny people who are tanked or factious from entering or staying on his authorized premises (Atherton, 2011). The licensee likewise has rights exercisable to him as the permit holder, they incorporate; Declining section into the premises by any individual as long as that refusal isn't oppressive dependent on sex, race or other unlawful inclinations Licensee has the privilege to ask any benefactor inside his authorized premises to leave or clear the premises The licensee has an option to decline to serve or offer to a supporter if the said benefactor is as of now inebriated The licensee has the ability to give an excepting request to a supporter that is enforceable by the police. As the licensee, I have an obligation to guarantee that the benefactors who visit my premises are protected and ready to appreciate without obstruction. I additionally have an obligation to my staff to ensure they are working in a helpful domain liberated from provocation. On the off chance that Larry has become a consistent irritation at the eatery, at that point I maintain all authority to deny him from entering the café. I likewise bear an obligation towards Larry; Neither my staff nor I should serve him any more alcohol after he shows indications of inebriation. This is unlawful under segment 105 of the Liquor Act 2010. Obligation with respect to the licensee will emerge just if certain parts of law can be demonstrated by Larry. The cases exuding from the conditions given will be under tort law, explicitly the tort of carelessness. Carelessness emerges when one gathering is harmed or endures misfortune because of the demonstrations or exclusion of another. On the off chance that the demonstration or exclusion is demonstrated, at that point the abused party gets remunerated by the litigant. To demonstrate carelessness one needs to build up the accompanying; That an obligation of care was owed to him by the litigant. An obligation of care is owed to any individual who can be predictably harmed by your activities or oversights. This component is typically not hard to demonstrate, and for our situation especially the licensee owed Larry an obligation of care since by not dealing with the premises offices he put him at risk for getting injured. That the litigant was in penetrate of that obligation; this component is the one used to find out shortcoming and is the one that turns into the fundamental territory of dispute with the offended party guaranteeing on the off chance that the respondent been increasingly mindful, at that point the mishap would not have happened. Larry was owed an obligation of care by the licensee; the licensee didn't take suitable measure to guarantee that the can was appropriately bolted with a useful lock to keep clueless clients out of it. That the offended parties injury or misfortune was because of the litigant not doing that obligation of care; from our case, the wounds supported by Larry were as an immediate outcome of the can divider falling on him. Other than carelessness, the issue of occupiers risk will emerge. Occupiers obligation is the obligation of care owed by the occupier of premises towards guests who visit the premises and who endure injury or misfortune during their stay at the premises. Area 14A of the Wrongs Act 1958 characterizes occupiers obligation and gives the extension wherein it will apply. The demonstration further expresses that an occupier of any reason owes an obligation to any individual on his reason and for our situation it becomes apparent that the licensee owed Larry that obligation of care. Nonetheless, precedent-based law in Australia has as of late adopted a strategy where they apportion a restricted obligation of care with regards to bars and bars. Supporters have been given more noteworthy obligation with regards to their security particularly on the off chance that they were drinking intentionally (Curtwoods, 2016). In Cole v South Tweed Heads Rugby Club Pty Ltd [2004] HCA 29 (Cole) the court took a gander at customary law position identifying with the obligation put on bars and clubs for wounds to benefactors which occur graciousness of their inebriation. The High Court thought about an expansion of occupiers' obligation to incorporate a more extensive obligation to benefactors when serving liquor. For this situation, the court held that the licensee had made every single vital step inside its capacity to guarantee that the offended party had left the premises securely. Area 50(2) of the common obligation act keeps an official courtroom from granting harms to an offended party who was inebriated at the hour of the occurrence. The exemption is that the court gets persuaded that the injury or misfortune would have still happened regardless of whether the offended party had not been inebriated. In such a case then the courts assume contributory carelessness where both the offended party and respondent were incompletely obligated for the injury or misfortune (Hely, 2008). For this situation, the licensee had a lock on the old latrine, however the lock was corroded and unusable importance supporters may have had the option to get to it. This shows the licensee flopped in taking due consideration particularly in a situation where individuals were probably going to be inebriated. He and his staff saw that Larry was exceptionally inebriated yet dismissed the way that the can at the back may have represented a peril to him. This, subsequently, makes him at risk and not simply that, he likewise turns out to be vicariously obligated for his workers. Then again, Larry has an obligation towards him and can't completely accuse his disaster for the licensee. Along these lines he will likewise be incompletely at risk for the wounds he endured. References Brenda, M., and Peter, H., (2015) Two Problems Of Occupiers Liability. Melbourne University Law Review, 508-538. Atherton, C., and Atherton, A., (2011) Tourism, Travel and Hospitality Law, 2ndedn, Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Ltd Ch 14 pp 448-469. Curwoods Lawyers. (2016) Bars, Clubs and Patrons-Overview. November 2016: 2-7. Hely, Brook. (2008) Open all hours: The compass of Vicarious Liability in 'Off the clock' Sexual Harassment Complaints. Federal Law Review, 174-206. The Law Reform Commission. (1987). Occupiers Liability. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 31 Novemebr. Parliament of Victoria, Research Brief No 6, September 2009, Liquor Control Reform Amendment (Licensing) Bill. Alcohol Act, 2010. Wrongs Act, 1958.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for December 22nd, 2019

Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for December 22nd, 2019 Sponsored by Read Harder Journal, a reading log brought to you by Book Riot. These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins for $2.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Let Me Hear a Rhyme by Tiffany D. Jackson for $1.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. The Murder of Roger Ackroyd by Agatha Christie for $2.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Big Magic: Creative Living Beyond Fear by Elizabeth Gilbert for $1.99. Get it here, or just click on the over image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals Tumbling by Diane McKinney-Whetstone for $0.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. The Vine Witch by Luanne G. Smith for $4.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Previous Daily Deals That Are Still Active As Of This Writing (Get em While Theyre hot!): Mangos and Mistletoe: A Foodie Holiday Novella by Adriana Herrera for $2.99 They Called Us Enemy by George Takei, Justin Eisinger, Steven Scott, and Harmony Becker for $4.99 Dept. of Speculation by Jenny Offill for $2.99 What Alice Forgot by Liane Moriarty for $2.99 The Watchmaker of Filigree Street by Natasha Pulley for $2.99 Summer Hours at the Robbers Library by Sue Halpern for $0.99 We Set the Dark on Fire by Tehlor Kay Mejia for $1.99 The Double: A Novel by José Saramago, translated by Margaret Costa for $1.99 Shadowshaper by Daniel José Older for $1.99 American Royals by Katharine McGee for $4.99 The Secret, Book Scone Society by  Ellery Adams for $1.99 Patternmaster by Octavia E. Butler for $1.99 Birthday by Meredith Russo for $2.99 The Duchess of Bloomsbury Street by  Helene Hanff for $1.99 All This Could Be Yours by Jami Attenberg for $2.99 All About Love by bell hooks for $1.99 The Color of Water by James McBride for $1.99 The Unlikely Adventures of the Shergill Sisters by Balli Kaur Jaswal for $2.99 The Likeness by Tana French for $1.99 The Hole: A Novel by Hye-young Pyun and translated by Sora Kim-Russell for $1.99 The Serpent of Venice by Christopher Moore for $1.99 Florida by Lauren Groff for $4.99 The Dragon Republic (The Poppy War Book 2) by R. F. Kuang for $2.99. Goldie Vance Vol. 1 by Hope Larson, illustrated by Brittney Williams for $4.49 Guapa by Saleem Haddad for $1.99 The Unlikely Escape of Uriah Heep by H. G. Parry for $2.99 The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind by Michio Kaku for $2.99 What Doesnt Kill You Makes You Blacker: A Memoir in Essays by Damon Young for $2.99 The Rage of Dragons by Evan Winter for $2.99 Empire of Sand by Tasha Suri for $4.99 Queen of the Conquered by Kacen Callender for $2.99 Blackfish City by Sam J. Miller for $1.99 Travels by Michael Crichton for $1.99 A Prince on Paper by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Invasive by Chuck Wendig for $1.99 The Dragon Republic by R.F. Kuang for $2.99 Slayer by Kiersten White for $1.99 Chasing Down a Dream by Beverly Jenkins for $2.99 The Field Guide to the North American Teenager by Ben Philippe for $1.99 I Believe in a Thing Called Love by Maurene Goo for $2.99 Im Telling the Truth, but Im Lying by Bassey Ikpi for $2.99 Upstream: Selected Essays by Mary Oliver for $4.99 Vita Nostra by Marina and Sergey Dyachenko, translated by Julia Meitov Hersey for $1.99 Opposite of Always by Justin A. Reynolds for $1.99 How to Live Safely in a Science Fictional Universe by Charles Yu for $2.99 News of the World by Paulette Jiles for $2.99 A Woman is No Man by Etaf Rum for $2.99 Dont Call Us Dead by Danez Smith for $2.99 Wild Beauty by Anna-Marie McLemore for $2.99 The Gilded Wolves by Roshani Chokshi for $2.99 Fatality in F (A Gethsemane Brown Mystery Book 4) by Alexia Gordon for $4.99 Reckless by Selena Montgomery for $3.99 Fruit of the Drunken Tree by Ingrid Rojas Contreras for $4.99 Black Water Rising by Attica Locke for $1.99 Revelation Space by Alastair Reynolds for $2.99 The Ensemble: A Novel by Aja Gabel for $4.99 Cant Escape Love by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Brown Girl in the Ring by Nalo Hopkinson for $5.99 Ark by Veronica Roth for $1.99 Ten Women by Marcela Serrano for $3.99 Flights by Olga Tokarczuk for $4.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 Ormeshadow by Priya Sharma for $3.99 Sisters of the Vast Black by Lina Rather for $3.99 Prophecy  by Ellen Oh for $2.99 Along for the Ride  by Mimi Grace for $2.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

Ohms Law - Voltage and Current relationship

Ohms Law is a key rule for analyzing electrical circuits, describing the relationship between three key physical quantities: voltage, current, and resistance. It represents that the current is proportional to the voltage across two points, with the constant of proportionality being the resistance. Using Ohms Law The relationship defined by Ohms law is generally expressed in three equivalent forms: I VÂ  /Â  RR V / IV IR with these variables defined across a conductor between two points in the following way: I represents the electrical current, in units of amperes. V represents the voltage measured across the conductor in volts, and R represents the resistance of the conductor in ohms. One way to think of this conceptually is that as a current, I, flows across a resistor (or even across a non-perfect conductor, which has some resistance), R, then the current is losing energy. The energy before it crosses the conductor is therefore going to be higher than the energy after it crosses the conductor, and this difference in electrical is represented in the voltage difference, V, across the conductor. The voltage difference and current between two points can be measured, which means that resistance itself is a derived quantity that cannot be directly measured experimentally. However, when we insert some element into a circuit that has a known resistance value, then you are able to use that resistance along with a measured voltage or current to identify the other unknown quantity. History of Ohms Law German physicist and mathematician Georg Simon Ohm (March 16, 1789 - July 6, 1854 C.E.) conducted research in electricity in 1826 and 1827, publishing the results that came to be known as Ohms Law in 1827. He was able to measure the current with a galvanometer, and tried a couple of different set-ups to establish his voltage difference. The first was a voltaic pile, similar to the original batteries created in 1800 by Alessandro Volta. In looking for a more stable voltage source, he later switched to thermocouples, which create a voltage difference based to a temperature difference. What he actually directly measured was that the current was proportional to the temperature difference between the two electrical junctures, but since the voltage difference was directly related to the temperature, this means that the current was proportional to the voltage difference. In simple terms, if you doubled the temperature difference, you doubled the voltage and also doubled the current. (Assuming, of course, that your thermocouple doesnt melt or something. There are practical limits where this would break down.) Ohm wasnt actually the first to have investigated this sort of relationship, despite publishing first. Previous work by British scientist Henry Cavendish (October 10, 1731 - February 24, 1810 C.E.) in the 1780s had resulted in him making comments in his journals that seemed to indicate the same relationship. Without this being published or otherwise communicated to other scientists of his day, Cavendishs results werent known, leaving the opening for Ohm to make the discovery. Thats why this article isnt entitled Cavendishs Law. These results were later published in 1879 by James Clerk Maxwell, but by that point the credit was already established for Ohm. Other Forms of Ohms Law Another way of representing Ohms Law was developed by Gustav Kirchhoff (of Kirchoffs Laws fame), and takes the form of: J ÏÆ'E where these variables stand for: J represents the current density (or electrical current per unit area of cross section) of the material. This is a vector quantity representing a value in a vector field, meaning it contains both a magnitude and a direction.sigma represents the conductivity of the material, which is dependent upon the physical properties of the individual material. The conductivity is the reciprocal of the resistivity of the material. E represents the electric field at that location. It is also a vector field. The original formulation of Ohms Law is basically an idealized model, which doesnt take into account the individual physical variations within the wires or the electric field moving through it. For most basic circuit applications, this simplification is perfectly fine, but when going into more detail, or working with more precise circuitry elements, it may be important to consider how the current relationship is different within different parts of the material, and thats where this more general version of the equation comes into play.

The Effects Of Minority Stress On Mental Health Within The...

Introduction The purpose of this study was to prove how minority stress correlates with mental health within the transgender community. As defined by Meriam-Webster Dictionary, transgender â€Å"is relating to, or being a person who identifies with or expresses a gender identity that differs from the one which corresponds to the person s sex at birth† (Merriam-Webster, 2016). For example, male to female, or female to male. However, researchers in this study used the minority stress model, which suggested that the stress associated with stigma, prejudice, and discrimination will increase rates of psychological distress in the transgender population (Bockting, Miner†¦ Coleman, 2013). As evident from past research, physical violence, verbal harassment and employment discriminations were some of the many types of societal prejudices. In fact, as seen in the article, these stresses create depression, anxiety, and other types of mental illness within the transgender community. However, researcher’s goals were to see exactly how these different variables increased levels of stress. For example, was there negative types of stigma that were less or more server, and what could help to alleviate stress? Review of Literature The article in review is Stigma, Mental Health, and Resilience in an Online Sample of the US Transgender Population. As a diverse group, transgender people can be seen as a movement that is on the rise. Today, more transgender people are stepping out, and expressingShow MoreRelatedLGBT Community and Discrimination.1291 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Homosexuality† it often conjures up a mental picture of people fighting for their rights, which were unjustly taken away or even the social emergence of gay culture in the world in the1980s and the discovery of AIDS. However, many people do not know that the history of LGBT people stretches as far back in humanity’s history, and continues in this day and age. Nevertheless, the LGBT community today faces much discrimination and adversity. Many think the problem lies within society itself, and often enoughRead MoreMental Health Is A State Of Complete Physical, Mental, And Social Environment Essay1443 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION: The WHO definition of health states: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. An important part of this definition is that mental health is not just absence of mental disorders or disabilities, it is defined as the state of well being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contributionRead MoreBeing Part Of A Stigmatized Group1287 Words   |  6 Pagesdevalued. Specifically, individuals in the LGBTQIA (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Asexual) population have unique experiences that proliferate the rate of being marginalized. This marginalization can negatively affect the individual and can be portrayed in multiple ways. At the society level, Herek Garnets (2007) coined the term sexual stigma to describe this phenomenon in relation to sexual minorities. Sex ual stigma, in the researcher’s terms, means that there is an inferiorRead MoreEffects of Violence on Adolescence1408 Words   |  6 Pages Violence is a malicious act done by a human being that has the intention of harming or killing another living being. Violence is everywhere: in the home, in the school, and in the community. Violence causes negative effects to humans’ mental health. These negative effects may trigger symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and even anxiety. Symptoms of these disorders can be some of the following: anxiousness, avoidant behavior, feeling a loss of motivation, and feeling of uneasiness. ViolenceRead MoreEssay on The Mental Health of Individuals in the LGBT community3244 Words   |  13 PagesThe mental health of individuals in the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered) community is something that is a serious problem. For most of the history of the United States and many different parts of the world LGBT people faced mu ch persecution and in some cases even death. This constant fear of discovery and the pressure that one feels on oneself when â€Å"in the closet† can lead to major mental distress. Research has shown that people who identify as LGBT are twice as likely to develop lifetimeRead MoreA Research Study On The Lgbt Homeless Youth Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesThese costs and effects are in are in another research project. Markus Bidell, Professor of Education at CUNY, research stress levels in the LGBT Homeless Youth. â€Å"Is There an Emotional Cost of Completing High School? Ecological Factors and Psychological Distress Among LGBT Homeless Youth,† was a conducted study of LGBT homeless youth experiences in during high school (Bidell 366). Bidell reported that 40 percent did not compete high school, and most did not search for support from GSAs and schoolRead MoreFactors That Influence Lgbt Peoples Health Through The Lens Of Violence1717 Words   |  7 PagesLesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people face poorer health outcomes than heterosexuals. In our society, people still classify LGBT people as deviant, dysfunctional, abnormal and immoral (Sloan and Gustavsson, n.d). Most disturbing is the impact of such stereotyping on LGBT youth. Violence against these marginalize and vulnerable group has led to disparity in health outcome as well as the loss of lives. According to Pollock 2006 (p.29) â€Å"same-sex orientation is a significant risk factorRead MoreTransgender Women And Depression : Cbt Approaches3770 Words   |  16 PagesTransgender women and Depression: CBT Approaches This paper will address the following topics in relation to applying TA-CBT strategies to Transgender women contending with depression. Why depression is a problem among transgender women, how CBT can be applied to working with women who are dealing with depression, the history and development of CBT, how TA-CBT can be used in practice, and evidence that supports the application of TA-CBT in treating depression among Transgender women. By utilizingRead MoreThe Effects Of Prenatal Hormones On The Developing Fetus1510 Words   |  7 Pagestoo much testosterone. These differences, in turn, can impact sexual orientation (Mustanski, Chivers, Bailey, 2002). Regardless, homosexuality is not caused by hormone imbalances in adulthood; the hormone levels of most gay men and lesbians are within the normal range (Banks Gartrell, 1995). Hormonal imbalances during pregnancy may change areas of the brain that adapt sexual behavior. Support for this idea comes from the finding that parts of the hypothalamus, which is connected with sexualRead MoreMilitary Policy Regarding Sexual Orientation3592 Words   |  15 Pagesinclusion of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. As U.S. public opinion, policy, and behavior toward LGB individuals has changed, the military has incrementally removed exclusionary policies and procedures toward service members of sexual minority status. However, a recent review suggests that even as momentous changes are taking place in the social and political context related to LGB issues, there has been a decline in attention to the needs of lesbian and gay men as reflected by content

Global Warming AD Free Essays

As the sun’s harmful rays beam through the depleting ozone layer the globe begins to warm, earths polar ice caps melt and slowly start the elimination of life. This ad demonstrates the cause and effect of global warming. The world inside the lower quadrant of the hourglass is slowly getting swallowed by the sea due to the melting ice caps above. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming AD or any similar topic only for you Order Now Within the hourglass there’s text stating â€Å"we are slowly running out of time, act now before it’s too late†. In the top of the hour glass a polar bear and penguin sit upon two nearly melted ice caps. The world below has cars driving into a city passed chopped down trees, and a gas station. Although the ad appears to be warning us of global warming, it’s actually warning us of our own selfishness! The ad uses three main tactics to achieve this, presentation of text, types of images, and image composition. The advertisers decided to use presentation of text in a subtle way to get their point across. The display of the text in this ad has diminutive properties. This relates to the feeling human beings have towards the situation of global warming. It indicates that we conveniently believe it’s a small issue and doesn’t need to be presented as a major problem. People avoid the truth and would rather just pass it on to the next generation to deal with. The use of this tactic helps sell the idea that we are to selfish to address the situation. Even though we have scientific evidence that global warming is happening, and that the polar ice caps are melting, people still don’t want to make it an issue. People would rather act selfish and destroy the earth then be inconvenienced and have to give up their comfortable lives. A stronger tactic used by the advertiser is the use of types of images, which provides us with further evidence. The types of images used in this ad show the advertisers point in a more straight forward manner. They use the images of street lights leading up to a city full of high-rises to provide us with the notion that we abuse energy. On the sides of the road there’s chopped down trees and a gas station indicating how human beings rape our land of its natural resources. Cars fill the street showing a luxury that pollutes and destroys the earth. All of which directly correlates with the image of the melting polar ice caps in the top of the hourglass. Once again it sells the idea that the ad informs us of our own selfishness. It indicates that people will do anything for their luxuries, even if it destroys our own planet. Providing evidence that our selfishness will not let anything stand between us and the things we love, even at the highest cost. By using a less noticeable, although stronger tactic, composition of images provides us with further evidence of their strategy. Image composition is the last and strongest tactic used by the advertiser. In the top frame of the hourglass the ice cap sits in pure blue water. In the lower section of the hourglass the earth is being swallowed by stagnant deathly water indicating the lack of life. Plus in the top frame a polar bear and a penguin sit perched anticipating their final moments of life as their worlds slowly melt away. As two birds hover above ground as their world disappears as well. This sells the idea by showing that people are too selfish to care not just about their own lives, but also every other life on this planet. Other creatures are going to die directly caused by our actions. The sea water levels are going to rise while the land becomes engulfed causing life on earth to diminish. And we are too selfish to look around and realize that we are destroying all habitats. Yet we still act like we are alone on this planet. This ad warns us of both global warming and our selfishness as human beings. By combining three tactics, presentation of text, types of images, and image composition the advertisers show us the affects of both. The use of dying animals, abused natural resources, man made cars, and the melting polar ice cap allows us to see the correlation between the issue of global warming and our selfishness. The presentation of text raises the awareness of people thinking it’s not a major situation, thus selling the ideas of global warming and our selfishness towards the belief of global warming. Each involves us in a selfish manner and uses cause and effect to sell the product. If humans keep being selfish and don’t stop taking advantage of our planet, then there will be no planet left to take advantage of. How to cite Global Warming AD, Papers

Global Warming AD Free Essays

As the sun’s harmful rays beam through the depleting ozone layer the globe begins to warm, earths polar ice caps melt and slowly start the elimination of life. This ad demonstrates the cause and effect of global warming. The world inside the lower quadrant of the hourglass is slowly getting swallowed by the sea due to the melting ice caps above. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming AD or any similar topic only for you Order Now Within the hourglass there’s text stating â€Å"we are slowly running out of time, act now before it’s too late†. In the top of the hour glass a polar bear and penguin sit upon two nearly melted ice caps. The world below has cars driving into a city passed chopped down trees, and a gas station. Although the ad appears to be warning us of global warming, it’s actually warning us of our own selfishness! The ad uses three main tactics to achieve this, presentation of text, types of images, and image composition. The advertisers decided to use presentation of text in a subtle way to get their point across. The display of the text in this ad has diminutive properties. This relates to the feeling human beings have towards the situation of global warming. It indicates that we conveniently believe it’s a small issue and doesn’t need to be presented as a major problem. People avoid the truth and would rather just pass it on to the next generation to deal with. The use of this tactic helps sell the idea that we are to selfish to address the situation. Even though we have scientific evidence that global warming is happening, and that the polar ice caps are melting, people still don’t want to make it an issue. People would rather act selfish and destroy the earth then be inconvenienced and have to give up their comfortable lives. A stronger tactic used by the advertiser is the use of types of images, which provides us with further evidence. The types of images used in this ad show the advertisers point in a more straight forward manner. They use the images of street lights leading up to a city full of high-rises to provide us with the notion that we abuse energy. On the sides of the road there’s chopped down trees and a gas station indicating how human beings rape our land of its natural resources. Cars fill the street showing a luxury that pollutes and destroys the earth. All of which directly correlates with the image of the melting polar ice caps in the top of the hourglass. Once again it sells the idea that the ad informs us of our own selfishness. It indicates that people will do anything for their luxuries, even if it destroys our own planet. Providing evidence that our selfishness will not let anything stand between us and the things we love, even at the highest cost. By using a less noticeable, although stronger tactic, composition of images provides us with further evidence of their strategy. Image composition is the last and strongest tactic used by the advertiser. In the top frame of the hourglass the ice cap sits in pure blue water. In the lower section of the hourglass the earth is being swallowed by stagnant deathly water indicating the lack of life. Plus in the top frame a polar bear and a penguin sit perched anticipating their final moments of life as their worlds slowly melt away. As two birds hover above ground as their world disappears as well. This sells the idea by showing that people are too selfish to care not just about their own lives, but also every other life on this planet. Other creatures are going to die directly caused by our actions. The sea water levels are going to rise while the land becomes engulfed causing life on earth to diminish. And we are too selfish to look around and realize that we are destroying all habitats. Yet we still act like we are alone on this planet. This ad warns us of both global warming and our selfishness as human beings. By combining three tactics, presentation of text, types of images, and image composition the advertisers show us the affects of both. The use of dying animals, abused natural resources, man made cars, and the melting polar ice cap allows us to see the correlation between the issue of global warming and our selfishness. The presentation of text raises the awareness of people thinking it’s not a major situation, thus selling the ideas of global warming and our selfishness towards the belief of global warming. Each involves us in a selfish manner and uses cause and effect to sell the product. If humans keep being selfish and don’t stop taking advantage of our planet, then there will be no planet left to take advantage of. How to cite Global Warming AD, Papers

Plastic Surgery and Teens free essay sample

You can fix your nose if he says so. You can buy all the makeup MAC can make, but if can’t look inside you, find out who am I too? Be in a position to make me feel so damn unpretty, I’ll make you feel unpretty too. † In the late   90s TLC was known for writing about social issues that young women faced everyday. Their relateable lyrics and connection with their audience was why they were so famous. The song â€Å"unprettty† made that connection with the audience. The media and people around them were telling them how to act dress and behave, but they simply ignored what society told them what the â€Å"perfect† image was. This type of media influence is still prevalent in today’s society, the only thing that has changed is: instead of young girls making drastic fashion changes, they are now going so far as to change their physical appearance. We will write a custom essay sample on Plastic Surgery and Teens or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The purpose of this essay is to make teens aware that the increase of teens getting plastic surgery must be solved. Not only is plastic surgery among teens increasing, but parents are supporting these dramatic changes on their children. My target audience is teens who are thinking about getting some sort of plastic surgery. This is a trend because a teen getting plastic surgery has been on the rise for quite sometime. In past years this was not the case, adults would be getting plastic surgery not teens. The media today plays a big role as to why teens are opting to get plastic surgery. The research question that is posed and will be answered throughout this essay is plastic surgery becoming a problem with teens in today’s society? Plastic surgery is on the rise not only with adult, but within the teen community as well. Many teens resort to plastic surgery because they are bullied, or feel that they are imperfect and this will be the only way the can reach perfection. According to the American society for plastic surgeons, â€Å"nearly 219, 00 surgeries were performed on people 13-19 in 2010† (American society for plastic surgeons 2012). Plastic surgery might work for some teens, but often time they do not understand the risk factors that go along with type of surgery. One solution is that teens should undergo a psychological evaluation before getting any type of plastic or cosmetic surgery. Another solution is teens might also want to know the physical effects of plastic surgery, educate not only the teen, but also the parents on the risk factors of plastic surgery. Another solution is there should be stricter laws for doctors, parents, and teens. The most plausible solution is to educate the teens on the risk factors for plastic surgery. The first solution to the rise of plastic surgery among teens is a psychological evaluation might help determine if plastic surgery is needed. Making sure the teen is mentally mature is important. This solution is important because know what they teen feels and thinks can determine why he or she wants to undergo this surgery. According to an article in the Journal of Health Care and Law Policy (2001) entitled Adolescent medical decision making and the law of the horse, â€Å"the capacity for medical decision making exists (for adults) when a person has the ability to comprehend information relevant to the decision they want to make†(Ouellette 145). For example, a teen cannot understand the magnitude of what plastic surgery is. They often think it is a quick fix to something they think is not â€Å"perfect†, or it will stop a bully from picking on them. The way the view plastic surgery is how a normal functioning adult would view a change of wardrobe style or a haircut. According to a cosmetic contributor for People(2010) magazine, â€Å"singing your teen up for at least four therapy sessions to determine if there are other issues like depression†(Pham 2010). Teens do not like talking to their parents about their issues. Often times going to therapy, having someone to talk and listen to, can lead to what is the underlining problem and why a teen really wants plastic surgery. According to an article in Newsweek (2004) titled, Kids under the Knife, â€Å"Also make sure what is expected from the surgery is realistic. Procedures like rhinoplasty and breast augmentation should be performed only on kids who are fully grown. Otoplasty (pinning, however, can be done starting at the age of 5 or 6. † Teens who want plastic surgery often times show symptoms of depression, bipolar disorder, or even substance abuse. Teens with these and other serious disorders are not in their right state of mind to be making logical decisions; therefore therapists will not let them go through with the surgery. Teens with these conditions often are not the best candidates for plastic surgery. They are undergoing this surgery as a quick fix or for instant gratification. Decisions for medical and non-medical cosmetic body modification are more susceptible to peer influence than are other medical decisions. Most medial decisions are made in the context of the confidential physician-patient relationship. Teens for cosmetic body modification are much more public. Teens are bombarded with images of cosmetically enhanced models in the media. The pressure to meet a culturally defined ideal of beauty is tremendous. Reports of teens seeking cosmetic procedures to escape peer pressure are common. The article in Newsweek (2004) and People (2010) were written in two completely different years, yet they are still advising parents and teens to do the same. Teens must seek psychological help if they are depressed, or have love self-esteem, which leads to depression, or substance abuse. Both of these articles also convey the message that plastic surgery lasts a lifetime, and if you are not sure of this life changing surgery do not get it. The articles are conveying that talking to someone often times can help you become a better person, and help solve the underlining problem. The second solution to the rise of plastic surgery among teens is teens should understand the physical and emotional effects of plastic surgery. Teens and even some adults do not understand the magnitude of how big of a surgery this is. The recovery time to intense surgeries like that do not take weeks; they take months, and even up to a year to full recover. â€Å"Cosmetic surgeries such as breast reconstruction and liposuction are anesthetized. There is a risk of nerve damage, infection, scarring, and death† (Pham 148). Teens think plastic surgery is the solution to an imperfection they have about themselves. Teens have to understand that plastic surgery is not a quick fix. It takes months and years to get the result you desire. It also the patient has to put their part in the recovery process. The patient cannot expect the doctor, and surgery to heal itself, the patient must do what the doctor says to get the results they want, therefore getting the results they desire. Many teens are irresponsible conduct is not as morally reprehensible as that of an adult. Their own vulnerability, cognitive think, and control over their immediate surroundings means teens have a greater claim than adults to be forgiven for failing to escape negative influences in their whole environment. Most children, even in their teenage years, simply are not able to make concrete judgments concerning many decisions, including their need for medical care or treatment, therefore teen should really understand what is going on to their bodies. Adolescents will likely harm themselves, especially when the health care decision involves the exercise of moral judgment; teens find themselves wondering what they should do because they cannot make a judgment call on their own. If teens cannot make these decisions for themselves, they may be forced to live with the decision they made when they were a teens. Opportunities to fix what they have done to their bodies may be permanent, and the teen cannot change that. All in all, allowing teens to go through this surgery, the influences of peer pressure, and the possibility for impulsive decision making, play a key role when it comes to cosmetic surgery. Risk taking, impulsiveness, and responding to peer pressure are cognitive capacities not yet developed in adolescent brains; therefore they find plastic surgery as an outlet to make others like them or like their body. The third solution to the rise of plastic surgery among teens is there should be stricter laws in place for not only doctor, but the patient as well. Currently a teen can not get any type of plastic surgery without parental consent if under the age of eighteen. When a teenager who is younger than 18 comes in for the consultation, he or she must be accompanied by a parent or guardian. We first sit down and discuss the patients request Sometimes there are exceptions for a teen to get plastic surgery. The exception being for medical reason, and even then the teen would have to obtain parental consent. â€Å"You can tell when people (teens) want something done or if they’re simply there because mom has an expectation of the teenage appearance† (Shulman 2008). If the doctor observes that the parent is pushing their son or daughter to get plastic surgery, they should speak up and simply say they will not to the surgery. Clearly it is not what the child wants; therefore they should be able to say no. The parents should not want to change what their son or daughter looks like. Some parents will go through extreme measures to make their child look perfect. The teenager initiates the request. While parental support is essential, the teenagers own desire for plastic surgery must be clearly expressed and repeated over a period of time. The teenager has realistic goals. The young person must appreciate both the benefits and limitations of plastic surgery, avoiding unrealistic expectations about life changes that will occur as a result of the procedure. The teenager has sufficient maturity. Teenagers must be able to tolerate the discomfort and temporary disfigurement of a surgical procedure. Plastic surgery is not recommended for teens that are prone to mood swings or erratic behavior, who are abusing drugs and/or alcohol, or who are being treated for clinical depression or other mental illness. The law takes a fisherman throwing a net into an ocean approach to adolescent decision making. This means that the law usually picks and chooses what they want to make a strict law, and what they don’t. At times, the law affords little or no weight to the choices of teenagers, or limits their choices in order to protect them; therefore teenagers cannot legally purchase alcohol. Another example, those under eighteen cant vote, serve on juries, or gamble legally. Also, Depending on the state, an adolescents consent to sexual activity may be invalid and the act of sex with the teen deemed statutory rape. Other times, the law gives as much respect to the decisions of teenagers as it does those made by adults. Older teens can drop out of high school, hold jobs, and drive cars. n some cases, juveniles may be tried and sentenced as adults for crimes they commit while teenagers. The same has to do with the laws and adolescents wanting to get plastic surgery. Teens can only get plastic surgery with parental consent or if it a medical condition not allowing the teen to complete daily activities. Some critics might argue that teens should be able to do whatever they want to their bodies. Critics might also argue that teens that are bullied would benefit from plastic surgery, therefore they will stop being bullied and they will have a higher self-esteem. Teens are often bullied because they do not live up to what a normal teen should look like. On a recent airing of ABC’s Nightline (2010), the segment entitled â€Å"Teens choose plastic surgery to boost self-esteem†, they followed teens that went through plastic surgery because they were being bullied and chose plastic surgery as a last resort. They said they not only felt better about themselves after the surgery, the bulling stopped, therefore increasing their self-esteem. In surgical practice, the assessment of adolescents satisfaction is difficult, because he increased self-consciousness and dissatisfaction about physical appearance are characteristic for the adolescent age period for girls more so than for boys. In a recent article in People (2010), they interviewed teens who underwent surgery and this is what one of the teens said about how they felt after they had plastic surgery, Jen Selter had always been self-conscious about her nose. For years she wouldnt leave the house without strategically applying bronzer to make my nose look more narrow, she says, and at Roslyn High School in Roslyn Heights, N. Y. she had taken to wearing padded bras and stomach-baring tops to draw attention away from her face. But after her fellow teens began posting nasty comments on her Facebook page-Shes pretty, but her nose is huge and You look like a pelican-Selter decided she was ready for a change. After visits with a therapist to determine I was emotionally ready, says Selter, now 16, she had New York City surgeon Sam Rizk tweak her nose last summer. Im more comfortable with myself now, happier and confident, she says. And I have so many more pictures of myself on Facebook! The psychological effects this had on Selter are what made her opt to have plastic surgery. After the surgery she had to reason to hide her nose to draw attention to another part of her body. Plastic surgery allowed her to live the life she wanted; free of bullying, therefore her being comfortable in her own skin. This is what we all want, to feel good about ourselves, so why not let teens undergo plastic surgery if it let’s them feel good about who they are. The most plausible and best solution is educate teens on the risk factors of plastic surgery. Teens should really think about why they want this surgery? What are the benefits of plastic surgery? Is this something you want 10, 20, or even 30 years from now? Anyone who is thinking about going under the knife should really think about these questions. Also, teens should know what is going into there body, therefore teens should educate themselves on what plastic surgery really is, the benefits, and what can it do to your body if something goes wrong. Most common surgeries that are performed on teenagers are liposuction, tummy tucks, or breast enlargements. Some of these surgeries require substances to be put into the body. Often times things can go wrong, depending on how old you are when getting plastic surgery. Some might not have any side effects, but others might reject the surgery, therefore leaving their bodies disfigured. Many teens do not realize that they young they go under the knife the more risk factors they will encounter. Really knowing your body, if it’s fully developed, and how it world is not only essential for opting for plastic surgery, but just for daily activities throughout your life. Once, you understand how the body works, what a fully develop body looks like, and understanding the risk factors for plastic surgery are, then the teen can make the decision if this is something they can do. Teens should also talk to their parents and pediatricians to find out about physical growth and any underlying health conditions and, most of all, be cautious. All in all, teens and their parents should sit down and talk about why their child wants to have plastic surgery. Parents should listen to what their child has to say, and teens should do the same. Plastic surgery is on the rise not only with adult, but within the teen community as well. Many teens resort to plastic surgery because they are bullied, or feel that they are imperfect and this will be the only way the can reach perfection. The purpose of this essay was to make teens aware that the increase of teens getting plastic surgery must be solved. Not only is plastic surgery among teens increasing, but parents are supporting these dramatic changes on their children. My target audience is teens thinking about getting plastic surgery. The research question that is posed and was answered throughout this essay, is plastic surgery becoming a problem with teens in today’s society? If these solutions are not used teens will not know the risk factors and effects of plastic surgery. Also if there aren’t stricter laws teens will think surgery is a quick fix or it is safe and effective. That is not the case with plastic surgery; sometimes teens do not realize that the recovery time for plastic surgery in a long process. It can take months, even years to get the results that are desired. When someone is fifteen their body is not fully developed, thus creating problems and major health risks, which some teens do not fully understand. Some solutions to this trend are the teen should undergo a psychological evaluation before getting any type of plastic or cosmetic surgery. Another solution might be, teens might also want to know the physical effects of plastic surgery. A third solution is to educate the parents on the risk factors of plastic surgery, and finally there should be stricter laws for doctors, parents, and teens. The most plausible solution is to educate the eens on the risk factors for plastic surgery. If we as a society are concerned about plastic surgery in adolescents, we should proceed with caution. Some procedures may he so risky. An argument could he made, for example, that cosmetic breast augmentation should he harmed for people under the age twenty-one, because the risks of the procedure are so great, the fact that the breasts have may not have fully developed until the late teens or early twenties, and the link that exists between breast augmentation and suicide. The decisions for risky behavior out of the hands of parents and adolescents. They take away choices that could he harmful and save them for adulthood-much like age limits on drinking alcohol, marriage, entering combat. Bans make sense as a means of protecting adolescents from unnecessary risk. The media portrays that teens and young adults, should be skinny, with perfect, hair, and body, they ultimately should be attractive and desirable. Shows like Gossip Girl and 90120 convey that high school should be full of drama and glamour, leading many teens to believe, that perfection is the key to happiness. This is why teens choose plastic surgery.

Structures of Resisitance essays

Structures of Resisitance essays The nature of interaction between traditional agrarian society and the modern world has remained a controversial debate amongst anthropologists, sociologists and political theorists. It remains contentious as to whether the dominance of modern values over traditional is desirable; whether the arrival of the market and modern commerce betters or worsens the conditions of rural society and its relationship with the metropol; whether such change is received with apprehension or optimism by the members of rural society. Joel Migdal, for example, puts forth certain arguments proposing the concept of culture contact- that exposure and contact are the causes of change. Migdal identifies three reasons suggesting why such change would be likely to occur: (1) The benefits of the modern far outweigh the benefits of the traditional. (2) The individual is free from severe institutional restraints which would prevent him from making an unimpeded decision. (3) Those individuals who select the new are rational and are optimisers, and those individuals who do not accept the modern fail to do so because of wrong or nonrational values. Most theorists, however, tend to agree that modern society, for good or bad, is clearly encroaching on traditional agrarian society and gradually moulding its values, economic systems and sociopolitical institutions into variants of the modern equivalent. However, this consensus fails to account for one extremely significant fact: that despite the overwhelming economic, political and cultural dominance of the modern world, traditional agrarian structures continue to persist in various forms: the feudal estates of Third World countries, plantations and latifundismos in Southern Italy and much of Latin America, and so on. The questions thus arise: why do such traditional social relations persist in spite of the modern impulse? Why do customs and rituals and so...

USS Ohio (BB-12) and the Great White Fleet

USS Ohio (BB-12) and the Great White Fleet USS Ohio (BB-12) was a Maine-class battleship that served with the US Navy from 1904 to 1922. The first warship named for the state since the ship-of-the-line USS Ohio that had been launched in 1820, the new battleship represented an improved version of the earlier Illinois-class. Built in San Francisco, Ohio joined the fleet and saw immediate service in the Far East. Transferring to the Atlantic in 1907, it joined the Great White Fleet for its cruise around the world. Ohio was modernized in 1909 and later supported American operations in Mexico. Though briefly decommissioned, it returned to active duty with the US entry into  World War I. Fulfilling a training role during the conflict, Ohio was placed in reserve in 1919 before being removed from the fleet three years later.   Design Approved on May 4, 1898, the Maine-class of battleship was meant to be an evolution of USS Iowa (BB-4) which entered service in June 1897 as well as the more recent Illinois-class. As such, the new battleships were to be of a sea-going design rather than the coastal configuration used in the Indiana- and Kearsarge-classes. Initially designed to mount four 13/35 cal. guns in two twin turrets, the design of the new class changed under the guidance of Rear Admiral George W. Melville and more powerful 12/40 cal. guns were selected instead. This main battery was supported by sixteen 6 guns, six 3 guns, eight 3-pdr guns, and six 1-pdr guns. While the first designs called for using Krupp Cemented armor, the US Navy later decided to utilize Harvey armor which had been employed on earlier battleships. Construction Designated USS Maine (BB-10), the lead ship of the class became the first to carry the name since the armored cruiser whose loss helped incite the Spanish-American War. This was followed by USS Ohio (BB-12) which was laid down on April 22, 1899 at Union Iron Works in San Francisco. Ohio was the only member of the Maine-class to be built on the West Coast. On May 18, 1901, Ohio slid down the ways with Helen Deschler, a relative of Ohio Governor George K. Nash, acting as sponsor. In addition, the ceremony was attended by President William McKinley. Over three years later, on October 4, 1904, the battleship entered commission with Captain Leavitt C. Logan in command. USS Ohio (BB-12) - Overview: Nation: United StatesType: BattleshipShipyard: Union Iron WorksLaid Down: April 22, 1899Launched: May 18, 1901Commissioned: October 4, 1904Fate: Sold for scrap, 1923 Specifications Displacement: 12,723 tonsLength: 393 ft., 10 in.Beam: 72 ft., 3 in.Draft: 23 ft., 10 in.Speed: 18 knotsComplement: 561 men Armament 4 Ãâ€" 12 in. guns16 Ãâ€" 6 in. guns6 Ãâ€" 3 in. guns8 Ãâ€" 3-pounder guns6 Ãâ€" 1-pounder guns2 Ãâ€" .30 in machine guns2 Ãâ€" 18 in. torpedo tubes Early Career As the United States newest battleship in the Pacific, Ohio received orders to steam west to serve as flagship of the Asiatic Fleet. Departing San Francisco on April 1, 1905, the battleship carried Secretary of War William H. Taft and Alice Roosevelt, daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt, on an inspection tour of the Far East. Completing this duty, Ohio remained in the region and operated off Japan, China, and the Philippines. Among the ships crew at this time was Midshipman Chester W. Nimitz who would later lead the US Pacific Fleet to victory over Japan in World War II. With the end of its tour of duty in 1907, Ohio returned to the United States and transferred to the East Coast. Great White Fleet In 1906, Roosevelt became increasingly worried regarding the US Navys lack of strength in the Pacific due to the growing threat posed by the Japanese. To impress upon Japan that the United States could move its main battle fleet to the Pacific with ease, he began planning a world cruise of the nations battleships. Dubbed the Great White Fleet, Ohio, commanded by Captain Charles Bartlett, was assigned to the forces Third Division, Second Squadron. This group also contained its sister ships Maine and Missouri. Departing Hampton Roads on December 16, 1907, the fleet turned south making port calls in Brazil before passing through the Straits of Magellan. Moving north, the fleet, led by Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, reached San Diego on April 14, 1908. Briefly pausing in California, Ohio and the rest of the fleet then crossed the Pacific to Hawaii before reaching New Zealand and Australia in August. After taking part in elaborate and festive visits, the fleet cruised north to the Philippines, Japan, and China. Completing port calls in these nations, the American fleet transited the Indian Ocean before passing through the Suez Canal and entering the Mediterranean. Here the fleet parted to show the flag in several ports. Steaming west, Ohio made visits to ports in the Mediterranean before the fleet regrouped at Gibraltar. Crossing the Atlantic, the fleet arrived at Hampton Roads on February 22 where it was inspected by Roosevelt. With the conclusion of its world cruise, Ohio entered the yard at New York for a refit and received a new coat of gray paint as well as had a new cage mast installed. Later Career Remaining at New York, Ohio spent much of the next four years training members of the New York Naval Militia as well as conducting occasional operation with the Atlantic Fleet. During this period it received a second cage mast as well as other modern equipment. Though obsolete, Ohio continued to fulfill secondary functions and in 1914 helped support the US occupation of Veracruz. That summer the battleship embarked midshipmen from the US Naval Academy for a training cruise before being deactivated at Philadelphia Navy Yard that fall. Each of the next two summers Ohio reentered commission for training operations involving the Academy. With the US entry into World War I in April 1917, Ohio was re-commissioned. Ordered to Norfolk following its re-commissioning on April 24, the battleship spent the war training sailors in and around the Chesapeake Bay. With the conflicts conclusion, Ohio steamed north to Philadelphia where it was placed in reserve on January 7, 1919. Decommissioned on May 31, 1922, it was sold for scrap the following March in compliance with the Washington Naval Treaty.

Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) - Essay Example Even though it builds up models, and those models are not considered to correspond to the â€Å"existent world†, however with the help of those rules and principles you can form or arrange your thoughts about the actual world. These models are not considered as descriptive or normative on the other hand they may comprise attributes of both (Williams, 2005). One of the most useful benefits of soft system methodology is that it imposes restrictions on your thinking in order to improve your thinking (Williams, 2005). Soft Systems Methodology efforts to promote knowledge and positive reception of the problem circumstances between a group of stakeholders rather than get started to resolve a predefined problem. The complication of numerous managerial/social problem circumstances overcomes efforts at defining a problem: in numerous such circumstances the problem is what is the problem? SSM presents a structure for handling such circumstances (Richards, 2004). Soft Systems Methodology is the only one of its kind in the fields of practical systems judgment, carrying unfussiness to perplexed and compound conditions. The tools of Soft systems methodology conceptualization, encrusted observation and design hold up the model structuring stage as well as contain the dissimilar Weltanschauungen of the circumstances. Contrast of the representations by means of the prosperous as well as disordered real-world offer general imminent concerning what must be as well as, in an iterative mode, authorize single-minded deeds to be in use (Yinghong, 2007). The application of this soft systems methodology knowledge gave way imminent to increase services. One main field spotlighted has been that of contact. Efficient information communication among and within organizations is compulsory to carry the more victorious accomplishment of information system. Getting this feature accurately will aid to take the other significant fields those are ease of access

Rhetorical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Rhetorical analysis - Essay Example The Crisis In Higher Education. This is the topic of the article to be discussed. It is an article by Carr Nicholas, published in the year 2012. The Crisis In Higher Education is an article pointing out on various predicaments that are faced in the field of higher education. In this article, Nicholas tends to inform individuals on more about higher institutions of learning and how predicaments can be controlled. In this case, he specializes in the line of e-learning where he explains more about it and how it can help students who use this technique in learning. He mentions some of the universities where this strategy has been implemented and its benefits to the institutions. Though there are drawbacks that are associated with this strategy, his aim is to make it clear to individuals that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Carr in his article aims at making individuals aware of the challenges that are faced in the field of higher education. Carr begins by mentioning that a hun dred years ago, higher education system seemed on the limit of a technological development. This is a technique used to capture the interest of the readers by informing them that technology was implemented some years back meaning it started sometimes back. In this case this is a technique used to inform the readers more about technology. He goes ahead explain that there are many universities today that are raising hopes of a revolution in the field of higher education. The universities pointed out in this case include: Stanford, Harvard, Princeton and MIT. This is another part in the article meant to educate individuals on the recent trends in higher education. Nicholas points out that in the world, not is every individual enthusiastic. He explains that with the use of online classes, at some point the quality of college education is diminished. This is due to the introduction of MOOCs which enables learning to take place online. He points out that distractions has occurred especial ly for the institutions that use this technique. He goes ahead to state that for such institutions, for effective learning processes to take place, high degree of automation has to be implemented. In this case, he wishes to instruct administrators in higher education institutions to implement this strategy for them to have effective online learning processes. Carr also points out that individuals who are skeptical of MOOCs give a warning that the real meaning of a higher institution lies in an interplay within between the teachers and students that cannot be replicated through machines no matter how classy the programming. This gives a clear impression that Carr does not agree with them because he supports the fact that e-learning can work effectively only id the high degree automation strategy is implemented. In this case, his message is convincing in that, he tries to explain how e-learning can work well for higher institutions. â€Å"The designers and promoters of MOOCs don†™t suggest that computers will make classrooms obsolete. But they do argue that online instruction will change the nature of teaching on campus, making it more engaging and efficient.† (Carr 40). Nicholas in this case tries to convince the readers that even though there are drawbacks that come along with the e-learing process, they can be dealt with and that the e-learners can study perfectly well just as those who attend a

Virgin Atlantic SWOT, PESTLE and BCG Analysis

Virgin Atlantic SWOT, PESTLE and BCG Analysis Jump to: BCG Matrix | PESTLE Analysis of Virgin Atlantic | Porters 5 Forces Analysis | Ansoff Matrix | SWOT Analysis of Virgin Atlantic The Virgin Atlantic Airways is a UK-based private international airline that started operation in 1984.   Flying up to 35 destinations in North America, Asia and Africa, it is 51% owned by Virgin Group and 49% owned by Singapore Airlines (Wikipedia). Its fleet size is 37 (31 in order)   It competes with other local and international airlines including British Airways, the biggest and leading in UK.   In the year to February 2009, Virgin Atlantic carried 5.77 million passengers and made an annual profit of  Ã‚ £68.4 million on turnover of  £2,580 million.[2]).   With this information, it suggests firms bright future and industry fair share of the market.   However, external and industry environment analysis is a continuous process (Hitt, Hoskisson Ireland 2003) that every now and then makes prediction and preparedness an integral part of strategic actions of firms to efficiently manage opportunities and threats outside its organization.ƚ   Today, the Virgin Atlantic is one of the worlds most recognized brands and being recognized and trusted through their winning awards for their products and innovative marketing ( 2008). Internal Environment Resource Audit/Value Chain Portfolio Analysis Core competencies bCG matrix Stakeholder Analysis Organisational Culture/Structure Financial Analysis Resource Audit/Value Chain(8500 staff worldwid) The resource audit identifies the resources available to a business. Some of these can be owned (e.g. plant and machinery, trademarks, retail outlets) whereas other resources can be obtained through partnerships, joint ventures or simply supplier arrangements with other businesses whille Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings: (1) Primary Activities those that are directly concerned with creating and delivering a product (e.g. component assembly); and (2) Support Activities, which whilst they are not directly involved in production, may increase effectiveness or efficiency (e.g. human resource management). It is rare for a business to undertake all primary and support activities. Value Chain Analysis is one way of identifying which activities are best undertaken by a business and which are best provided by others (outsourced) Core Competence Analysis: Core competencies are those capabilities that are critical to a business achieving competitive advantage. The starting point for analysing core competencies is recognising that competition between businesses is as much a race for competence mastery as it is for market position and market power. Senior management cannot focus on all activities of a business and the competencies required to undertake them. So the goal is for management to focus attention on competencies that really affect competitive advantage Performance Analysis The resource audit, value chain analysis and core competence analysis help to define the strategic capabilities of a business. After completing such analysis, questions that can be asked that evaluate the overall performance of the business. These questions include: How have the resources deployed in the business changed over time; this is historical analysis How do the resources and capabilities of the business compare with others in the industry -industry norm analysis How do the resources and capabilities of the business compare with best-in-class wherever that is to be found-  benchmarking How has the financial performance of the business changed over time and how does it compare with key competitors and the industry as a whole? Ratio analysis. Portfolio Analysis Portfolio analysis is defined in the Marketing Management Text as the aid to  marketing managers to help develop effective marketing plans. Portfolio models are used  to classify Strategic Business Units (SBUs) to determine the future cash contributions  that can be expected for each SBU as well as the future resource requirement that each  will require. Portfolio models generally examine the competitive position of the SBU  and the chances for improving the SBUs contribution to profitability and cash flow. The model we will be using for Virgin is the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) model.   This model is based on the relationship between relative market share and growth of the  Market The BCG model classifies products under four areas. These are stars, cash cows,  question marks and dogs. Stars are SBUs with high share or high growth market   Virgin Atlantic is clearly the cash cow of the Virgin Empire but we have undertaken a Portfolio analysis from the viewpoint of Virgin Atlantic. With regards to Virgin Atlantic Airways we believe that there is no star. The cash cow is the Upper Class section. Cash cows have high share of a low growth market and generate higher cash revenues. This high end product targets wealthy customers and business passengers. This is the highest costing ticket available, usually around $9,000, and there are 50 seats available in this class. Therefore, upper class generates much higher revenues compared to premium economy and economy. Dogs are SBUs that have low market share in low growth market. We see Virgin Atlantics economy class as a dog. Question marks are SBUs that have high potential but will require great resources to build market share. We believe that Premium Economy is a question mark as it has potential to be a cash generator. Premium economy targets cheaper flying business class passe ngers and high end couples. There are 38 seats in this class and tickets generally sell for around $3,000. Economy class focuses on families and groups flying together. Tickets for economy class are priced around $500 and there are 271 seats. BCG Matrix Virgin Culture Virgin Atlantic is a unique airline with great people and has a unique culture and it is not easy to sum up our culture in just a few words. Ours is a demanding and fast changing business and every one of our people has to have the intelligence to plan and deliver brilliant airline operations, to think on their feet and be accountable and respond to change and development. All the while, of course, we are all working hard to deliver our unique mix of product and service for which we are famous. All this creates a lively, collaborative environment where everyone knows whats expected of them and works together to achieve it. We pride ourselves on being as honest and unpretentious as we are inspired and professional everyone has a chance to voice their opinions and no ones too proud to ask questions. We embrace innovation wherever it comes from. If someone, an employee, customer or passenger has a brainwaveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ well listen. If we like it well do it and this is another way in which our people are the driving force behind our success.Of course, it takes a certain sort of person to flourish in such a fast-paced, freethinking environment. Talented, self-motivated, enthusiastic, youll have to share in our passion for providing only the very best. Put people like this together, and you create a winning performance culture that thrives on inspirational leadership, positive attitudes, commercial flair and underpinned by solid accountability. Financial Analysis Virgin Atlantic has managed a pretax profit of 41.6 million pounds ($76.1 million) on record annual sales of 1.91 billion.The carrier shared that a rise in business class travel helped more than double its pretax, pre-exceptional performance, which stood at 20.1 million pounds for the year ago period. Sales were up 17 percent for its financial year, which ended on February 28 Carrying a record 4.9 million passengers, Virgin had a 2005-06 pre-tax, pre-exceptional items profit of  £41.6m more than double the figure for 2004-05.Virgins results announcement comes after reports that it was Virgin that blew the whistle on British Airways which is now being investigated by the UKs Office of Fair Trading (OFT) and the US Department of Justice over alleged cartel activity involving BA and other airlines. Virgin has said that it is helping the OFT and the justice department with their inquiries.Chief executive Steve Ridgway reportedly said the strong performance came on the back of a 10 per cent increase in the number of passengers using its Upper Class cabin and the grabbing of market share on the North Atlantic. According to media, Ridgway denied, however, that Virgin had used the fuel surcharge like BAs,  £70 on a round-trip ticket to bolster revenues. The fuel surcharge has not kept pace with the increased cost of fuel, he reportedly said. It has only enabled us to recover around half of our fuel costs. Whereas fuel used to be around 15-16 percent of our costs it is now nearer 30 percent.Ridgway declined to comment in detail on why Virgin had blown the whistle on alleged conversations between it and BA, which prompted an OFT probe into alleged fuel surcharge price-fixing. According to a report: BA and VA impose the same surcharge of pound stg. 35 ($87) per individual long-haul flight (pound stg. 70 for a return trip). While BA had often been among the leaders in raising the fuel surcharge, on some occasions Virgin Atlantic, its main long-haul competitor at Heathrow, had also taken the lead. On most occasions the other airlines quickly followed the lead of the first mover. Last Septembe r, VA raised the long-haul surcharge from pound stg. 24 to pound stg. 30. It was followed in the same week by BA with the same increase. Virgin lowered the surcharge again in November to pound stg. 25, but BA did not follow suit and in January Virgin returned to pound stg. 30. In March, VA raised the levy to pound stg. 35. BA followed to pound stg. 35 in April. The Office of Fair Trading said last week that the investigation was at a very early stage and that there should be no assumption that there had been any wrongdoing. The External Environment: PESTLE Analysis   PESTLE analysis if you are including legal and environmental. Airlines are a good one because so many different things affect them. Political Taxes that they get charged in different countries for landing, fuel taxation etc Economic e.g. How does interest rate movement affext their longterm debt? How as their economic performance compared to the market sector? P/E ratios etc. Oil prices increasing, is this affecting their profits from increased fuel costs? Social Safety measures they employ on board and on the ground. Polulations growth does an ageing poulation affect them i.e. baby boomers, lots of people in that lifestage have more disposable income to spend. Technological As things improve technology becomes cheaper. How does this affect them? Does this mean the entries to barrier are lower for competitors to join? Do easyjet have a big RD dept? Legal Different legalities of different countries some stricter than others   Environment carbon offsetting, what is their CSR policy?   The Industry Environment: Five Forces New entrants in the industry basically face two difficulties: barriers to entry and retaliation from present firms (2003)   In the aviation industry, particularly the service passenger-based ones like Virgin Atlantic Airways, in modern economies are privately-operated that calls for substantial financial requirements at the fore.   Since travel services are derived demand (), new entrants should be able to cut a share in the pie in the presently saturated market.   This endeavor could result to another substantial resource to be deployed.   However, with such new entrant engagement, it does not assure of intended results because competitors like Virgin already created strategic links to other country-routes including its alliance with Asian giant Singapore Airlines that makes it easy to create counter-strategy.Boeing, the largest manufacturer of jetliners and supplier of Virgins aircrafts, had recently signed long-term agreement with largest aerospace part s distributor Satair for an Integrated Materials Management ().   As a result, Boeing could reduce its inventory and minimize warehousing costs because spare parts will be provided only when needed.   A cost reduction strategy from a supplier can assure customers like Virgin of price management scheme, if not, its another supplier, Airbus (the once number one airline manufacturer) could be resorted.Competitors in the industry have the same capability in terms interactivity of their web pages like Virgin.   This is supported almost fifty percent prevalence of internet connection among UK market, not to mention other countries.   As a result, the power of buyers to gain access to prices and services of firms increase making them knowledgeable of distinction of one from the other.   Companies on their part are obliged to be more competitive especially in maintaining and updating their web sites.  The countrys sea transport industry had develope d super ferries while the 2003 recorded 17.4% increase of UK passengers who took cruise holidays that reached nearly one million in that year ().   This development would make sense to airline industry tourism and leisure market especially foreigners that like to see the national endowments.   With demand for airline transport rise at faster rate than supply for it, the airline industry is required to effectively allocate its resources in a manner that exploit this supply shortage. Other airline competitors in the likes of AMR Corp., British Airways and Lufthansa are operating in at least 150 destinations compared to Virgins 20 As a result, rivalry among these firms against Virgin is relatively insignificant although strategic actions of Virgin that directly and significantly threat their market could spark retaliation in the detriment of relatively small firm.   The firm should focus in its target market and avoid competing with these large firms. Ansoffs product / market matrix Introduction The Ansoff Growth matrix is a tool that helps businesses decide their product and market growth strategy. Ansoffs product/market growth matrix suggests that a business attempts to grow depend on whether it markets  new or existing  products in  new or existing markets. The output from the Ansoff product/market matrix is a series of suggested growth strategies that set the direction for the business strategy. What is a Critical Success Factor? Critical Success Factors  (CSFs) are the critical factors or activities required for ensuring the success your business. The term was initially used in the world of data analysis, and business analysis. (   attracting customers; managing its fleet; managing its people, and managing its finances) Most smaller and more pragmatic businesses can still use CSFs but we need to take a different, more pragmatic approach. Critical Success Factors  have been used significantly to present or identify a few key factors that organizations should focus on to be successful. As a definition, critical success factors refer to the limited number of areas in which satisfactory results will ensure successful competitive performance for the individual, department, or organization. The connection of the Virgin Airline is outrageous because of the media that serves as a huge market competency advantage. Their strategy is using the media such as television, radio, internet, and even newspaper gave the business an opportunity for promotion. KEY POINTS    Virgin Atlantic established the strategy in promotion. They need to communicate with their customers for their initiatives in offering special offers that effectively make an appeal to their customers The benefits are expected to gain the Airlines 3-month payback on their investment; can utilize the advantage of the company over the technology such as computers; lowering the costs of the promotional materials because of the interaction of the business in the different forms of media; prioritizing the communication to the customers; and having the complete control on the advertising campaigns   The Virgin Atlantic recently tested the innovation and can continuously apply this in all their system. This strategy deals with the climate change has a great impact in the internal operation of the business such as the investment in the additional technology, better flying planes, building and operating an efficient infrastructure, and positive economic arrangements.    Strategy: Is about to design a desired future and identifying ways to bring it about by stenier1979 .a strategy is the pattern or plan integrate an organisation s major goals polices and actions into a cohesive whole.   Strategic Planning Strategy is the  direction  and  scope  of an organisation over the  long-term:  which achieves advantage  for the organisation through its configuration of  resources  within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of  markets  and to fulfil  stakeholder  expectations. In other words, strategy is about: * Where is the business trying to get to in the long-term (direction) * Which markets should a business compete in and what kind of activities are involved in such markets? (markets;  scope) * How can the business perform better than the competition in those markets? (advantage)? * What resources (skills, assets, finance, relationships, technical competence, facilities) are required in order to be able to compete? (resources)? * What external, environmental factors affect the businesses ability to compete? (environment)? * What are the values and expectations of those who have power in and around the business? (stakeholders) Strategy at Different Levels of a Business (Safety,  security  and  consistent delivery  of the basics are the foundation of everything we do. The success of our three year strategy requires us to build on these foundations by focusing on the  business  and  leisure  markets and driving  efficiency  andeffectiveness.) Strategies exist at several levels in any organisation ranging from the overall business (or group of businesses) through to individuals working in it. Corporate Strategy   is concerned with the overall purpose and scope of the business to meet stakeholder expectations. This is a crucial level since it is heavily influenced by investors in the business and acts to guide strategic decision-making throughout the business. Corporate strategy is often stated explicitly in a mission statement. Business Unit Strategy   is concerned more with how a business competes successfully in a particular market. It concerns strategic decisions about choice of products, meeting needs of customers, gaining advantage over competitors, exploiting or creating new opportunities etc. Operational Strategy   is concerned with how each part of the business is organised to deliver the corporate and business-unit level strategic direction. Operational strategy therefore focuses on issues of resources, processes, people etc. How Strategy is Managed Strategic Management In its broadest sense, strategic management is about taking strategic decisions decisions that answer the questions above. In practice, a thorough strategic management process has three main components, shown in the figure below: Mission Statement To grow a profitable airline that people love to fly and where people love to Work. SWOT Analysis The next segment of reviewing a firms strategic plan is to perform a SWOT analysis. This entails identifying a firms internal strengths and weaknesses and their external opportunities and threats. After analyzing the external environment and internal resources, strategic decision makers have the information they need to formulate corporate, business, and financial strategies of the organization. A comparison of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats is normally referred to as a SWOT analysis. A SWOT analysis helps executives summarize the major facts and forecasts derived from the external and internal analysis. From this, executives can derive a series of statements that identify the primary and secondary strategic issues confronting the organization. Strategy formulation builds on SWOT analysis to utilize strengths of the organization in order to capitalize on opportunities, counteract threats, and alleviate internal weaknesses. In short, strategy formulation moves from simply analysis to devising a coherent course of action. The findings of a SWOT analysis are the basis for developing objectives and strategies that can be implemented in a companys strategic plan. Therefore, it is important for companies to continue to perform SWOT analyses, because external and internal factors affecting companies are constantly changing. New strategies need to be developed and old ones need to be revised in order to reflect the current internal and external conditions that affect a company Internal strengths and weaknesses are activities that a company performs particularly well or poorly. These internal activities stem from all departments and components of a business. After a company identifies its strengths and weaknesses, it should then develop strategies that capitalize on its strengths and minimize or improve its weaknesses External opportunities and threats are events that occur outside of the company and are events that the company has no control over. Co mpanies benefit from external opportunities and are harmed by external threats. It is important for a company to recognize its external opportunities and threats so it can formulate strategies to take advantage of future opportunities and to avoid future threats. (S)trengths: Virgin Brand recognized by 98% of British Public. Clients expect good customer service in each separate class Business/Economy. Virgin Atlantic introduced innovative technology: including in flight music, ice  cream, games, and movies. New in flight innovation is offered to gold club holders or J-class with lounges  offering quality food and comfort. Quality trained employees recruited from other airlines. Virgin Atlantic is spawned from as a private company allowing for other Virgin  brands and more control. Richard Bransons innovative entrepreneurial management. Competitive pricing for business class offers more services. Partnership with Singapore airlines because they are the minority shareholder at  49%. The reason why this partnership is beneficial is because their routes are  non-overlapping and the partnership allows the transfer of core competencies. Load factor is better than competition; therefore, returns are higher and value is  greater. Positive publicity, in regards to winning every quality award known to man. (W)eaknesses Flight delays: need to improve flight efficiency. The travel routes are limited. Hot Air magazine separate from traditional airline advertising magazines including articles and marketing advertising. Cut routes to Chicago, Toronto, and Cape in relation to the September 11 tragedy. Late getting on the Internet Missed the Boat for web site, web page, and ecommerce. Richard Branson is a one man manager being the owner and director of multiple companies. Costs associated in the overhead of keeping two five star chefs, lounge, and limo service. Virgins reliance on Trans Atlantic traffic makes them more vulnerable to the drop in demand for travel to and from the U.S. (O)pportunities Strategic Marketing above the rest utilizing by being innovative, fun, maintaining  values, caring, and produce quality. Technology adds improvements (Galileo) an advanced inventory system. In flight Internet connection. Web site needs to be improved possible weakness for e-commerce and regular  web site navigation. Generate additional routes. Virgin Galactic, we are flying into outer space. Warehouse facility -Heathrow, London. Recession may be an unexpected opportunity for investment. On-line strategy in targeting branding and ongoing ad campaigns, through on-line  media planning and buying account. (T)hreats Recession, September 11th will and has affected the entire airline industry, order cancellations, risk aversion for flying customers Brand Dilution by a rapid expanding brand image may be too global and not  focused towards the important products. Competition for routes British and United. Fuel prices are fluctuating, which accounts for 15% of total airline expense. Objectives The results that an organization seeks over a multiyear period are its long-term  objectives. Such objectives typically involve some or all of the following areas: profitability, return on investment, competitive position, technological leadership,  productivity, employee relations, public responsibility, and employee development. Eric Starks, Virgin Atlantic Regional Director, stated the following objective: To  maintain a safe customer environment through the necessary security procedures. Also to  concentrate on core competencies by consolidating routes, directly related to downsizing  workforce, to remain profitable while targeting business class passengers. Strategies Strategies are statements of how objectives are to be achieved. These are usually long- term strategies and necessitate many different approaches, such as, product development, joint ventures and strategic alliances. Generic strategies such as low cost, differentiation, or focus strategies characterize the competitive orientation of the firm in the marketplace.In order to remain profitable Virgin Atlantic has focused on its core competencies. The company is currently focusing its strategies on sustaining great quality. service and maintaining relationships with their Upper Class customers. This has resulted in the closing of routes to Toronto, Chicago, and Cape Town. The company has also reduced the amount of flights a day and personnel by 20% per route across the North Atlantic. For example, the San Francisco routes were reduced from two flights to one flight per day. Competitive Strategy Analysis Segmentation Market segmentation is defined as the process of dividing a market into groups of  similar consumer and selecting the most appropriate group(s) for the firm to serve. This  concept is achieved through the following six steps Define firms current situation. Determine consumer wants and needs. Divide markets on relevant dimensions. Develop product positioning. Decide segmentations strategy. Design marketing mix strategy. Targeting Targeting is when a firm chooses one or more market segments as a specific target markets. Virgin Atlantic is a company that considers every customer to be important and thus offers individualized services to customers. These are nine basic criteria for targeting Who buys our product? Who does not buy our product? What need or function does our product serve? What problem does our product solve? What are customers currently buying to satisfy the need or solve the problem for which our product is targeting? What price are they paying for the product they are currently buying? When is our product purchased? Where is our product purchased? Why is our product purchased? Upon evaluation of these questions the company must then assess opportunity in target markets based on segment size and growth potential, competition, companys objectives and feasibility of success in this market. Virgin Atlantic has targeted upper class customers who are primarily business passengers traveling on transatlantic routes. Positioning Positioning refers to the act of locating a brand in customers minds over and against other products in terms of product attributes and benefits that the brand does or does not offer.38 There are many different general strategies for positioning products Attribute or benefit, quality and price, use or application, competition, high-tech and high-touch, can achieve desired positioning. Most significantly, Virgin Atlantic has positioned itself as direct competitor to British Airways on all routes. Firstly, Virgin Atlantic was extremely aggressive in obtaining slots at Heathrow International Airport. Secondly, Virgin Atlantic attacked the proposed British Airways and American Airlines partnership stating that it was unhealthy for competition. Finally, Virgin Atlantic has strived to compete with British Airways on all routes into and out of London. Virgin Atlantic attracts customers by being fun and innovative. On the aircraft passengers experience spacious setting arrangements, state of the art in-flight entertainment system, and most importantly a high level of customer service. In addition,Virgin Atlantic offers a distinctive upper class service at business class prices.Furthermore, Virgin Atlantic is installing Internet capabilities and is implementing Galileos Inside Availability (R), a high-tech inventory management system. Option one low price/low added value. likely to be segment specific. Option two low price. risk of price war and low margins/need to be a cost leader. Option three Hybrid. low cost base and reinvestment in low price and differentiation. Option four Differentiation. (a)without a price premium: perceived added value by user, yielding market share benefits. (b)with a price premium: perceived added value sufficient to to bear price premium. Option five focussed differentiation. perceived added value to a particular segment warranting a premium price. Option six increased price/standard. higher margins if competitors do not value follow/risk of losing market share. Option seven increased price/low values. only feasible in a monopoly situation. Option eight low value/standard price. loss of market share. Conclusion By studying this external and industry analysis on environmental facts, it could be said that Virgin Atlantic Airways is situated in standard cycle markets wherein its competitive advantage is moderately shielded from imitation.   In general, airline industry belongs to slow cycle markets, however, due to relatively smaller capital and operations of some firms like Virgin, compa